Generalization of definitions of stability of a socio-economic system. “sustainability of social structures and civilizational characteristics of Russia” s.yu

Nikonorov V.M.
Candidate of Economic Sciences, Associate Professor at VSUB
Peter the Great St. Petersburg Polytechnic University

Nikonorov V.M.
Ph.D., Associate Professor VSHUB
St. Petersburg Polytechnic University of Peter the Great

Annotation: The author examined in detail the types of mathematical stability. He proposed to use a system of linear homogeneous differential equations with constant coefficients to describe a complex socio-economic system. The author indicated that in this case it is possible to use the Routh, Hurwitz, and Mikhailov criteria to assess the stability of the system solution.

Abstract: The author has in details considered types of mathematical stability. I have suggested to apply to the description of social difficult and economic system the system of the linear uniform differential equations with constant coefficients. The author has specified that in this case use of criteria of Raus, Gurvits, Mikhaylov for assessment of stability of the solution of system is possible.

Keywords: Solution, stability, initial data, external disturbances, practical stability.

Keywords: Decision, stability, initial data, external indications, practical stability.

Relevance. There is a sufficient number of studies on the sustainability of a complex socio-economic system at the economic level, for example. But, as it seems to the author, the mathematical aspect of the stability of a complex socio-economic system has not been sufficiently considered. The use of mathematical tools to assess the stability of a complex socio-economic system will ensure optimal management of the corresponding complex socio-economic system.

The object of research is a complex socio-economic system.

The subject of the study is the stability of a complex socio-economic system in the mathematical aspect.

The purpose of the study is to consider the existing definitions of the mathematical stability of a complex system and propose an interface for the current complex socio-economic system.

Research methods: analysis, comparison, isomorphism.

A systematic approach to the study of a complex socio-economic system is discussed in.

First you need to decide which indicator stability is being considered in this study. In other words, what signal of this complex socio-economic system will we consider as the output and, accordingly, what possible approaches to ensure the stability of the selected signal. If we choose for consideration such complex socio-economic systems as retail trade, education, healthcare, law enforcement, then we can assume that the output signal of the corresponding complex socio-economic system is the benefit supplied by this system to the population of the country:

1) retail trade – food and non-food products;

2) education – educational service;

3) healthcare – medical service;

4) law enforcement - ensuring the safety of citizens from reckless people.

Then, using the example of retail trade, we can assume that this complex socio-economic system will be sustainable if it ensures the final consumption of the country's population in terms of food and non-food products in a predetermined fixed range. Accordingly, the following can be proposed as input signals to this system:

• agricultural products of the country;
• products of own industry;
• import;
• fixed assets of retail trade;
• employed in retail trade.

This complex socio-economic system depends on time, that is, it is a dynamic system. The system can be described by a system of differential equations. To simplify calculations, it is possible to use linear homogeneous differential equations in total derivatives.

Accordingly, it is appropriate to talk about the stability of the solution to a given system of linear homogeneous differential equations (hereinafter referred to as SLODE) over an unlimited time interval. However, the existence of the human population cannot be eternal, so the time interval can be limited. For example, the remaining life of the Sun. Since the existing types of mathematical stability relate specifically to the stability of the solution, we will consider various types of mathematical stability (Table 1).

Table 1

Types of system solution stability

All considered types of stability of a dynamic system are in one way or another related to Lyapunov stability. If it is possible to describe a complex socio-economic system by an SLODE system with a constant matrix (respectively, with constant coefficients), then the question of its stability can be resolved using the Hurwitz, Routh, and Mikhailov criteria.

Research results.

1. The types of stability of complex socio-economic systems at the mathematical level have been studied.
2. A variant of assessing the stability of solutions to complex socio-economic systems is proposed.
3. A preliminary description of a complex socio-economic system by an SLODE system with constant coefficients will make it possible to apply the Routh, Hurwitz, and Mikhailov criteria to study the stability of a solution.

The further direction of the research is to describe a complex socio-economic system with an SLODE system with constant coefficients and investigate the stability of the solution to this complex socio-economic system.

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Malkov S.Yu., Doctor of Technical Sciences, Center for Strategic Nuclear Forces Problems of the Academy of Military Sciences

Materials of the International Conference
“THE PATH TO THE FUTURE – SCIENCE, GLOBAL PROBLEMS, DREAMS AND HOPES”
November 26–28, 2007 Institute of Applied Mathematics named after. M.V. Keldysh RAS, Moscow

Introduction

The modern era is characterized by high dynamism and instability of ongoing political, socio-economic, and demographic processes. On the one hand, globalization increasingly covers various spheres of society, making the world more and more interconnected. On the other hand, there is an increase in intercivilizational contradictions and conflicts in many regions of the planet. In the seventies of the last century, the theory of convergence was widely popular, according to which the existing differences between the countries of the world will gradually be erased as scientific and technological progress develops and the latest social technologies spread. The events that followed the collapse of the USSR demonstrated the opposite. The end of the confrontation between two global ideological systems did not lead to an increase in the unity of the world, but to a sharp increase in intercivilizational tensions, the presence of which did not seem so critical before. The topic of growing contradictions between Western countries, on the one hand, and the Muslim world and other civilizational complexes, on the other, has become the center of heated discussions since the publication of S. Huntington’s book “The Clash of Civilizations.” The opinion of many analysts on this problem boils down to the following: “West is West, East is East, and they cannot come together.” This catchphrase by R. Kipling emphasizes the following idea: between the West and the East there is not just a difference, but a complete opposite, which cannot be overcome with the help of partial compromises. “Either – or”, there is no third option.

Isn't this too strong a statement? Essentially, it means that the West and the East are stable, self-reproducing civilizational systems, subject to the logic of self-organization based on differing institutional principles. Moreover, these principles are not just different, but opposite, as a result of which intermediate organizational forms are unstable: sooner or later, society inevitably has to self-determine whether it belongs to either the West or the East.

Is it so?

The answer to this question is especially relevant for Russia. Located between the West and the East, Russia has repeatedly tried to follow both the Western and Eastern paths of development. The turning points of its civilizational self-determination include the choice of the state religion by Prince Vladimir Svyatoslavich, and the definition by Alexander Nevsky of the defense strategy for Russia in the conditions of severe military pressure on it from the east and west, and the “time of troubles” of the beginning of the 17th century, and the reforms of Peter the Great, and the ideological struggle between Slavophiles and Westerners in the first half of the 19th century, and the fateful events of the early 20th century. Russia is going through such a period even now.

However, historical experience shows that Russia's attempts to follow both the Western and Eastern paths of development are not particularly successful. Why do constant difficulties arise when adapting foreign experience to Russian soil, why does it have to constantly pave its way? Dozens of books are devoted to these topics, but there is no consensus. We will try to look at this problem using the methods of synergetics - a science that studies the patterns of development and self-organization of complex dynamic systems in different conditions of existence. Hopefully some things will become clearer.

We will conduct the review in three stages. First, let's look at the mechanism for ensuring the sustainability of social structures and try to answer the question: what is the reason for the reproduction of social institutions, forms of government, national traditions, etc. Then we will apply our knowledge to analyze the sustainability of the civilizational dilemma “West - East”. And in conclusion, we will discuss the specifics of Russia’s historical path and the problems of its civilizational self-determination.

1. Sustainability of socio-economic systems

The problem of sustainability of socio-economic systems (SES) is of a general nature and is relevant for societies of various types. To be specific, we will consider complex societies that have their own statehood. The main goal of the state and society as a whole is to preserve its identity (“survival”) and ensure progressive sustainable development in the current historical conditions. The strength and “vitality” of society depends on:

1. its existing material and technical potential ( economic aspect),
2. efficiency of public administration ( organizational aspect),
3. spiritual and ideological unity of citizens ( socio-psychological aspect).

The first component ensures the economic and military independence of the state and the ability to satisfy the material needs of citizens.

The second component technically ensures the coordination of actions of all economic, political and social structures in the state in order to achieve common national goals.

The third component harmonizes the interests of various population groups, reducing the level of conflict in society.

Destabilization of any of these components leads to a weakening of the state, an inability to maintain its sovereignty, and the actual collapse of state structures (or their subordination to external force). In the course of its development, each state strives to improve its condition in all three of these aspects. This is complicated by limited resources and conflicting interests of different social strata (internal competition in society). But this is not all the difficulties that arise; there are problems systemic plan - not so obvious, but nevertheless extremely important. We will dwell on them below.

The development of the three indicated spheres of social life (economic, organizational, socio-psychological) can occur in different directions. IN economic sphere, the range of possible changes ranges from maximizing the regulatory and distribution role of state structures in the national economy to radical liberalization of market relations and minimizing the role of the state. IN organizational sphere - from building organizational structures above according to a hierarchical principle with the concentration of all power in the central government bodies until the formation of social management structures from below based on the principle of subsidiarity (that is, the concentration of real power locally and the delegation upward of only part of the management functions related to ensuring the appropriate level of stability, security and order in the country). IN socio-psychological sphere - from cultivating collectivist values, recognizing the priority of public interests over personal ones, to strengthening individualistic principles, asserting the priority of personal interests over public ones.

How free is society to choose a specific path of development from this range of possibilities, are all of the available paths equivalent in terms of their feasibility under given conditions?

Mathematical modeling helps answer this question. The general modeling scheme is as follows.

Let X— a vector of variables characterizing the state of the state in the economic, political, military and other spheres, then the functioning of the state can be described through the dynamics of these variables using a system of differential equations of the form:

Where F( X(t - t)) - functionality that takes into account the influence of its previous states on the current state of the system (traditions, inertia of the system’s response to influences, etc.); u(t, W, Z, E)- control influences on the system of the governing body (government); W— vector of various state resources; Z- the target function of the governing body (government), characterizing the desired state of the state; E- efficiency of implementation by the governing body (government) of the set goal; a - a set of model parameters.

In the general case, the solution to system (1) has the form of phase trajectories in the space of variables X (see Fig. 1), and, as a rule, under given external conditions, the socio-economic system under consideration has several stable attractor states A i with corresponding areas of attraction G i .

Fig.1. Typical structure of the phase space of a social system with two stable states A 1 And A 2 and their corresponding areas of attraction G 1 And G 2.

Management principles and mechanisms of social self-organization formed in society hold SES in one of the possible attractors. As a result, transitions of the system from one attractor to another are possible only as a result of a significant change in either external conditions, or self-organization mechanisms, or a targeted change in the “rules of the game” (for example, by changing the political course, carrying out socio-economic reforms, etc.).

Thus, SES have the property of equifinality: in the course of their development, they evolve to some locally stable attractor states, the number of which is limited. All other states are unstable. At the same time, spontaneous transitions between attractor states are impossible (therefore, these states are sometimes called “institutional traps”) and are realized only as a result of active influences on the system. Let us consider specific examples illustrating these provisions in relation to various spheres of social life.

A) The first example is from the economic sphere.

Fig.2. Comparison of the dynamics of the Russian economy after the start of reforms (from 1992 to 1999) with calculations using the model

Studies of the economy as a developing system show that, contrary to the widespread belief about the uniqueness of market equilibrium, it is possible in a market economy some stable (equilibrium) states with different production productivity and living standards of the population (the mechanism of the emergence of several stable states is described, for example, in). In evolutionary economics they are called institutional traps, in the theory of developing systems - attractors. The transition from a highly productive to a low-productive stable state is perceived as an economic crisis (“The Great Depression” in Western countries in the late twenties of the last century; the crisis of the nineties in Russia, see Fig. 2). The transition from a low-productivity state to a highly productive one is perceived as an “economic miracle” (the rapid revival of the economies of Germany and Japan after the Second World War, etc.), which can only be achieved as a result of targeted measures government regulation(reform) of the economy.

Research and modeling of institutional traps and transitions between them is an important area of ​​modern economic science. Without being able to cover all the details of this serious topic, we refer the reader to the works. What is important for us here is that in reality, in the life of every society, there is constantly a spontaneous or purposeful search for a balance between market and state mechanisms for regulating the economy. Moreover, this balance unstable and leads either to the primacy of the market element (as in the liberal economies of the West), or to strict government management (as in the USSR and other socialist countries). At the same time, the behavioral strategies of decision-making by economic entities have the most important influence on the development of the economy. The important role of the “human factor” in creating conditions for the transition of society from one state to another is also characteristic of other spheres of social life.

B) The second example relates to the organizational sphere, to the field of social management.

Studies of the effectiveness of various social management systems show that from the point of view of minimizing the costs of maintaining the controllability of society, two structures are optimal: in the first, only connections directed from governing bodies down the hierarchical vertical are updated, in the second, all connections between objects and subjects of management are updated and the managed have a real opportunity to influence the managers.

The first structure is directive social management system (SMS), the simplest diagram of which is presented in Fig. 3.

Fig.3. Scheme of a directive social management system

Here X 1- central government, X 2- local authorities, X 3- control object, a ij- intensity of control influence on X j from the outside X i. The figure reflects the fact that in such a system of social management, vertical management connections emanating from a single center are updated, and feedback connections are absent or very weak (they are only informational in nature). The advantages of such a control system are:

• the ability to ensure high consistency of actions of all subsystems due to the presence of a common coordinating center,
• speed of passage of control signals to each element,
• clear division of executive functions between elements of the system, which makes it an effective means of quickly responding to emerging external threats.

Such control systems are formed in a situation where society is confronted by an external enemy and there is a sharp division into “us” and “strangers”. “Ours” are united by a common goal - ensuring collective survival in the face of external threats. In conditions of permanent confrontation with “strangers,” an effective central government is required, capable of formulating common tasks, organizing the joint activities of “friends,” and protecting them from outside attacks. The mobilization functions of the central government presuppose the unconditional execution of issued orders. Such a control system can be characterized as "uniting the weak around the strong" . The disadvantage of this control system is that, due to the weakness of feedback, it is overly conservative. Directive systems have low adaptive capabilities. With a significant change in external (and internal) conditions, their effectiveness sharply decreases, they become destabilized and often die. However, if the situation is stable, then such systems are relatively stable. At the same time, there is a gradual strengthening of central power (“power gives birth to power”), and the situation of “society for power” rather than “power for society” arises and strengthens. The government concentrates strategic resources in its hands, becomes uncontrollable and self-sufficient, and shapes the structure of society according to itself according to a hierarchical principle.

The second structure of the social management system (with the actualization of all direct and reverse connections between the elements of the system) can be called adaptive. It is built differently and arises in a society where there is no strict division into “us” and “strangers”. Each subject pursues his own personal interests, relies on his own strengths, there is no common goal. Somewhat exaggerating, we can say that this is a community of “strangers” who are economically weakly dependent on each other. Under these conditions, the role of the central government in society changes, its mobilization functions disappear, and it does not formulate common goals. Its task is to agree on and approve the general rules of the game and monitor their compliance. Moreover, these rules of the game should be the same for all subjects and not give anyone obvious advantages. The interests of society are taken into account through the election of governing bodies. The economic independence of the subjects limits the possibilities of pressure on them from the authorities. On the contrary, society has the opportunity to influence power through its periodic re-election and prevent its excessive strengthening. This type of society is based on the principle of "checks and balances" and can be characterized as "uniting the weak against the strong". The simplest diagram of an adaptive control system is shown in Fig. 4.

Fig.4. Scheme of an adaptive social management system

Here the designations are the same as in Fig. 3. High adaptability of the system and the ability to coordinate the interests of subjects is ensured by updating all direct and feedback connections between them. The magnitude of the vectors in the figure characterizes the intensity of internal interactions in the system necessary to ensure its stable functioning. The disadvantage of this social management system is its low efficiency in the event of force majeure circumstances, which is associated with the difficulty of urgently mobilizing significant resources in a society of independent entities and with the duration of the procedure for approving management decisions.

As already noted, the costs of ensuring controllability of the structures shown in Figs. 3 and 4 are relatively small. Intermediate structures (with an incomplete set of updated forward and backward connections) are more expensive and less effective. Thus, deviation from the considered structures leads to a decrease in efficiency and an increase in the cost of control systems and is therefore unprofitable. As a result, the considered control systems, having an advantage over the others, are consistently reproduced: adaptive- in industrial countries of the West (“Western democracies”), directive- in many Eastern countries. Countries that try to combine elements of both systems of governance, as a rule, are not distinguished by political stability (examples of this are the political events of recent years in Ukraine and Kyrgyzstan).

IN) The third example relates to the socio-psychological sphere.

As noted above, the sustainable existence of certain economic and organizational structures is largely determined by socio-psychological factors, principles of decision-making, prevailing ideas in society about “good” and “evil”, about morality and ethicality of certain actions.

How does ethics influence economics and politics? What are the patterns of formation of ethical norms in society, is the property of equifinality manifested here? Is it possible to have sustainable ethical systems, and if so, what ensures this stability?

A great contribution to the solution of these issues was made by the research of V.A. Lefebvre. He proved the existence of two ethical systems, one of which is based on the prohibition of evil (the so-called first ethical system), the other - on the declaration of goodness ( second ethical system). In the first system, the desire to compromise with a partner is approved, in the second, it is considered correct to oppose oneself to a partner. According to V.A. Lefevre, the first system was implemented in American culture, the second - in Soviet culture. The issues of formation of these ethical systems were considered. It was shown that they are nothing more than psychological attractors (stable states) in a dynamic system of relationships between social subjects (individuals, firms, public organizations, states, etc.). Relationships of this type are described by a competition model, which in the simplest case has the form of a system of differential equations:

Here t- time; u i- an indicator characterizing “power” (degree of influence, dominance, etc.) i- th subject at a point in time t. Member a i u i describes the reproduction (renewal) of "strength" i- th subject. Members b ij u i u j reflect the antagonistic interaction of social actors (analogous to interspecies struggle in biology), their numerical values ​​characterize the damage caused j-th subject i-th subject during counteraction. Member with i u 2 i takes into account the “crowding effect”, that is, the relative decrease in “strength” i- th subject due to intraspecific struggle, resource limitations, saturation effects, etc.

It is known that depending on the ratio of parameters a i, b ij And with i system (2) has a different structure of attractors. For example, when N= 2 There are two main situations possible. At with i/ b ji> 1 (that is, when interspecific struggle is largely suppressed), a stable coexistence competing entities. This situation is reflected in Fig. 5, which shows the dynamics of changes in the ratio of “forces” of subjects in the form of phase trajectories of system (2) on the plane ( u 1, u 2).

Fig.5. with i/ b ji> 1 (dashed lines are isoclines, dot is a stable state with coordinates u 01 And u 02)

It can be seen that for an arbitrary initial ratio of “forces” u 1 And u 2 as a result of competition, after a certain time, an equilibrium state is established in the system, in which the “forces” of the subjects take on stable values u 01 And u 02.

In the opposite situation, when with i/ b ji < 1, конкурентная борьба в системе (2) приводит в конечном итоге к победе одного из субъектов и destruction another, and the subject who has the ratio of parameters wins with i/ b ji matters less. Coefficient with i characterizes the intensity of intraspecific struggle, the severity of internal contradictions. Coefficient b ji characterizes the ferocity of interspecies struggle, mercilessness towards the external enemy. (In other words, the coefficient with i characterizes the antagonistic nature of relationships in the “friend-friend” system, and the coefficient b ji- in the “friend - foe” system.) The situation of antagonistic competition is depicted in Fig. 6.

Fig.6. The dynamics of changes in the “strength” of subjects during competition in the system with with i/ b ji < 1 (пунктирные линии — изоклины, штрих-пунктирная линия — сепаратриса, точки — устойчивые состояния)

From the above, it is clear that in these situations, the strategies for ensuring the stability and “survivability” of social entities are directly opposite. In the first situation, stability and stability of the social system is achieved if the interacting subjects are tolerant and capable of developing compromise solutions with competitors (that is, the value b ji have a low value). In the second situation, the subject in the best position is the one who can achieve unity and internal conflictlessness (that is, reduce the value with i), but will be uncompromising and aggressive towards competing entities (that is, it will increase the value b ji). It is clear that within the framework of the first situation, the first ethical system is formed and consolidated, and within the framework of the second situation, the second ethical system. Condition with with i/ b ji? 1 is unstable, it is a bifurcation point. There is no optimal strategy here; the likelihood of stressful situations is high.

Analysis of model (2) allows us to better understand the logic of emergence and social functions of the ethical systems under consideration. Let's start with the second ethical system. It aims to minimize the relationship with i/ b ji in conditions of limited available resources. Reducing conflict among “friends” and increasing the consistency of their actions (that is, reducing the importance with i) is achieved through a “declaration of goodness” - a call for the implementation of a common goal. At the same time, in relations with “our own” people, an ethical compromise is possible (and welcomed): any means of achieving a common goal (which is the main “good”) is ethically permissible. If one of the “insiders” refuses to strive for a common goal, he is punished - transferred to the category of “outsiders” (ostracism) - and an uncompromising struggle begins with him (high b ji in relation to “strangers”). Why fight? — Because the resource is limited, there is not enough for everyone, “strangers” need to be cut off from it. Or re-educate (translate into the category of “ours”) and force them to share (that is, do “good”) - then there will be enough resource. Thus, the second ethical system is a kind of resource-saving technology for social survival team of "our own" in the course of competition with “outsiders”.

In the situation of the first ethical system, competing social subjects do not represent collectives of “their own”. These are individuals, each of whom pursues his own goal (there is no common “good”). It is pointless to talk about their unity and coordination of actions; here the meaning is with i initially large. Under these conditions, the war of all against all (increasing the value b ji) is detrimental to society as a whole. The only reasonable alternative is the “peaceful coexistence” of individuals (reducing the importance b ji) based on the rules of the game accepted by all. This requires tolerance and a willingness to compromise with “strangers” within the generally accepted framework of behavior established through the “prohibition of evil.” Thus, the “prohibition of evil” is not a means of organizing joint actions of “our own” to achieve a common goal, nor is it stimulating these actions through encouragement, and cutting off unwanted actions through punishment. At the same time, it is not a pity to punish or destroy the guilty subjects for violating the rules of the game, since they are all “strangers” to each other.

In light of the above, it becomes clear why the first ethical system was implemented in American culture, and the second - in Soviet culture.

The USA is a country of emigrants, active individualists (meaning with i- high), initially not united either ethnically, ideologically, or in any other way other than living together on a common territory. This is a community of “strangers”, each of whom pursues his own goals, but is interested in cooperation (for the sake of achieving these goals) with others and in the presence of general rules of the game, the same for everyone without exception. Hence the commitment to the first ethical system.

The USSR is a state entity, born in a country torn apart by civil war, divided into “friends” and “strangers”, surrounded by enemies, in conditions of devastation and lack of the most necessary things, born as a community of “friends”, united by a common goal - the construction of communism (which and there is “good” in the final instance). Hence the logical adherence to the second ethical system.

(Of course, times change. The USSR with its “Iron Curtain” no longer exists; modern Russia has abandoned the concept of “enemies” and “friends” and strives to maintain pragmatic partnerships with all states. Within the country, liberal views and society have spread among a significant part of the population has ceased to be homogeneous. On the other hand, in the United States there is an increasing tendency to divide the world into “us” and “outsiders”, and the emphasis is placed on forceful actions in the international arena. Accordingly, the difference in ethical systems in Russia and the United States is becoming less pronounced.)

Thus, it can be stated that the ethical systems identified by V.A. Lefebvre are manifestations in different conditions one and the same a mechanism of social self-organization aimed at ensuring the “survival” of social subjects in competition. In conditions of a sharp positioning of “friend or foe” and a shortage of life-sustaining resources in society, a second ethical system is being consolidated, based on declarations of goodness among “our own” and in tough confrontation with “strangers”. If society consists of independent individuals pursuing different goals in conditions of relative sufficiency of resources, then the first ethical system based on prohibition of evil, the establishment of mandatory community rules for all and the ability of individuals to compromise with partners within the framework of the established rules.

From the above it is clear that the conditions in which society is located influence the formation of certain socio-psychological attitudes in it. On the other hand, as noted above, socio-psychological attitudes themselves actively influence the nature of the development of economic and organizational processes in society. As a result, stable social states-attractors are formed, in which economic, organizational and socio-psychological parameters are not arbitrary, but correspond to each other in a very definite way. It is shown that one of these social attractors is the combination of “a liberal market economy - an adaptive management system - the first ethical system”, the other is the combination of “a distributive economy - a directive management system - the second ethical system”. S.G. Kirdina came to similar conclusions, who introduced the concept of institutional matrices - stable socio-economic states of society. By Y-matrix she understands a combination of the following basic social institutions: market economy, federal political structure, subsidiary (based on the primacy of individualism) ideology. The X-matrix implies an antinomic institutional combination: redistributive (distributive) economy, unitary political structure, communitarian ideology.

A transition from one social attractor to another through partial changes in any one sphere of social life is impossible: a return “to square one” is inevitable (“they wanted the best, but it turned out as always”). Moreover, such attempts, as a rule, only destabilize the situation, reducing the stability of the functioning of socio-economic institutions. The task of modern science is to find optimal ways to transfer socio-economic systems from one stable state to another (more favorable) without social cataclysms and at the lowest cost.

2. The West-East dilemma: patterns of differences

The above sheds light on the mystery of the historical stability of the “West-East” dilemma, which was discussed in the introduction and which R. Kipling expressed with the famous phrase “West is West, East is East, and they cannot come together.” Let's explain what was said.

What do they mean when they say that a society belongs to Western civilization? — First of all, his commitment to a number of fundamental values ​​is assumed, which include:

• economic and political freedom, “human rights”;
• sacred and inviolable private property;
• democracy;
• the legal nature of society, equality of all before the law;
• separation of legislative, executive and judicial powers.

Accordingly, it is believed that Eastern society is characterized by:

• restriction of personal freedoms;
• the primacy of public and state property over private property;
• authoritarianism in politics;
• the non-legal nature of social relations, life according to traditions and “according to concepts”, and not according to formal laws;
• concentration of various types of power in one hand.

Analysis of these differences shows that they all reflect the specifics of the relationship between society and the central government. At the same time, Western society is characterized by the opposition “strong society - weak central government” and the network structure of social management; Eastern society is characterized by the opposition “weak society - strong central government” and a hierarchical management structure.

Indeed, guarantees of personal freedoms, and the inviolability of private property, and democratic procedures for control and change of power, and the proclamation of the equality of all before the law, and the prevention of the unification of various power functions in the hands of the same persons leads, on the one hand, to strengthening individualism, and on the other hand, it weakens the central government and makes it dependent on civil society. On the contrary, non-compliance with these principles allows the central government to strengthen and ultimately subjugate society and dictate its will to it.

It would seem that society should always be interested in following the first path. But what’s interesting: since the formation of the first states, the emergence and stable existence of political democracies has been a rare exception to the rule (the city-states of ancient Greece, Republican Rome, Western Europe of modern times). The rule was the replacement of some regimes with a strict authoritarian central government to similar ones. Even when states collapsed as a result of popular uprisings inspired by ideas of justice and equality, regimes were eventually established that were no less (and often more) despotic than before.

What is the secret of the constant self-reproduction of Eastern-type social systems? To answer this and other questions, we will use the methods of mathematical modeling discussed in the previous section.

The internal organization and functioning of Western and Eastern societies is such that in societies of the first type, priorities are shifted towards achieving individual goals (maximization by all subjects of personal utility functions); in societies of the second type, the individual is incorporated into one or another social group (stratum) and the priorities of its activities are aimed at realizing group interests. That is, Western communities are characterized by the presence of a strong internal competition (an example of this is the market competition of private producers in Western industrial societies), and for Eastern societies - the predominance external competition (clan against clan, clan against clan, state against state, etc.). Mathematical analysis of these conclusions based on model (2) (see commentary to Figures 5 and 6) shows the following:

• the difference between the West and the East is a reflection of the objective laws of self-organization of society: Western society corresponds to the state of society with with i/ b ji> 1, Eastern - state with with i/ b ji < 1. Причина такого расхождения способов самоорганизации заключается в различии условий существования этих обществ. Так, социум с with i/ b ji> 1 is formed in the presence of various types of resources and the desire to exchange them on the basis of market relations, while external threats should not be great (this situation arose in the trading and industrial societies of the West). The condition for the formation of a society with with i/ b ji < 1 является наличие внешнего врага, претендующего на главный ресурс — землю (такая ситуация постоянно воспроизводилась в земледельческих и кочевых обществах Востока);
• these states are sustainable, however, the stability of these states is maintained as long as the ratio with i/ b ji noticeably different from unity. When with i/ b ji? 1 society is unstable, social breakdowns and cataclysms are possible;
• parameter values with i And b ji determined internally, mainly socio-psychological factors, as a result of which society can actively influence them, thereby strengthening (or weakening) its stability. In a society of the first type (in Western society), it is advisable to strengthen the independence of social subjects and initiate competition between them (that is, to increase the importance with i). This is realized through the establishment of “Western values” in society (see above) and the development of market relations. On the other hand, in such a society a reduction in external conflict is required (that is, a reduction b ji), which is naturally consistent with the need to establish business and trade contacts with business partners, regardless of their citizenship, religion, ideological preferences, etc. In a society of the second type (in Eastern society), it is advisable to strengthen internal consolidation and cohesion (decrease with i), which is achieved by ideological (religious) and administrative means. At the same time, it is necessary to strengthen opposition to external forces (increase the importance b ji), which is often achieved by creating the image of an external enemy on an ethnic, religious, social basis;
• the difference in strategies for ensuring sustainability determines the difference in the dominant socio-psychological attitudes and ethical imperatives in Western and Eastern societies. As noted above, the existence of ethical systems of two opposite types is theoretically justified by V.A. Lefebvre. The first of them is based on the prohibition of evil, the second on the declaration of good. Both systems are internally logical and consistent, but in practical situations they lead to opposite patterns of behavior. So, if in the first system the desire to compromise with a partner is approved, then in the second it is considered correct to subordinate him to your will. An analysis of the features of these systems shows that the first of them is formed and consolidated in Western-type societies, and the second - in Eastern-type societies. Indeed, it was shown above that the second system is aimed at minimizing the ratio with i/ b ji in society in conditions of limited available resources, that is, the second ethical system is a kind of resource-saving technology for social survival team of "our own" in the course of competition with “strangers” (which is important for Eastern-type societies). As for the first ethical system, here competing social subjects do not represent collectives of “their own”. Accordingly, this system is not a means of organizing joint actions of “our own” to achieve a common goal, but a technology for cutting off actions undesirable for society through a normatively established legal system (this is important for Western-type societies). Thus, the difference in the structure of stable states in Western and Eastern societies predetermines difference their corresponding ethical systems and behavior patterns. This builds a wall of misunderstanding and rejection of one society by another;
• a consequence of the above is also the different role of the central government and different attitudes towards it in Western and Eastern societies. Let's start discussing this topic with Eastern society, in which there is a sharp division into “us” and “strangers”. “Ours” are united by a common goal - ensuring collective survival in the face of external threats. In conditions of permanent confrontation with “strangers,” an effective central government is required, capable of formulating common tasks, organizing the joint activities of “friends,” and protecting them from outside attacks. The mobilization functions of the central government require quick control from it and imply unconditional execution of issued orders. Under these conditions, a rigid directive system of social management is formed, the simplest diagram of which is presented in Fig. 3. In contrast, in Western society there is no strict division into “us” and “outsiders”. Each subject pursues his own personal interests and relies on his own strength. The interaction of subjects of the general rules of the game, control over compliance with which is entrusted to the central government. The interests of society are taken into account through the election of governing bodies. The economic independence of the subjects limits the possibilities of pressure on them from the authorities. On the contrary, society has the opportunity to influence the government through its periodic re-election. Under these conditions, an adaptive social management system is formed, the simplest diagram of which is presented in Fig. 4. Comparison of Fig. 3 and 4 shows that the structures of control systems in Western and Eastern societies are significantly different: in the first case, all connections are updated, in the second - connections directed from the governing bodies down the hierarchical vertical. At the same time, it can be mathematically strictly shown that these two structures are optimal from the point of view of minimizing the costs of maintaining the controllability of society. Deviation from the considered structures leads to a decrease in efficiency and an increase in the cost of control systems and is therefore unprofitable. As a result, these management systems, having an advantage over others, are steadily reproduced in both Western and Eastern societies.

In the context of this work, the region is considered as a socio-economic system and its defining characteristic is sustainability. A systematic approach was used during the study. The theoretical foundations of sustainability are analyzed. A critical analysis of existing definitions of the concept of “sustainability of a socio-economic system” was carried out, and a classification of the sustainability of socio-economic systems was developed. Discrepancies in the conceptual apparatus were identified and eliminated, which made it possible to form a scientific basis for research work, and will also create the prerequisites for the further development of the theoretical foundations of sustainable development of socio-economic systems. As a result of the study, the following conclusions were drawn: the problem of sustainability of socio-economic systems is interdisciplinary in nature, sustainability is the main and only criterion for the constant development of a system, system development is a process characterized by the presence of a complex relationship between the phenomena of variability and sustainability, the theory of sustainable development is focused on finding opportunities restructuring the system to a model of sustainable development.

sustainability

socio-economic system

systems approach

development

sustainable development

1. Decree of the President of the Russian Federation of June 3, 1996 No. 803 “On the main provisions of regional policy in the Russian Federation.”

2. Development and change of ecosystems: [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: http://www. cito-web.yspu.org/link1/metod/met20/node28.html.

3. Ryabtseva L.V. Standardization of the number of main workers at industrial enterprises / L.V. Ryabtseva, T.A. Sobakina // Fundamental research. – 2013. – No. 11 (5). – pp. 1025–1029.

4. Chasovnikov S.N. Prospects for greening the economic development of the Kemerovo region: monograph / S.N. Chasovnikov, E.N. Starchenko. – Saarbrücken, 2013. – 161 p.

5. Perfilov V.A. The essence and types of sustainability of the development of regional socio-economic systems // Problems of modern economics. – 2012. – No. 2 (42). – pp. 264–266.

Currently, the theory of sustainable development of socio-economic systems is in its infancy. There are still many unresolved and controversial issues. The scientific community, first of all, is concerned with the question of whether it is even possible to talk about the stability of a dynamic socio-economic system, if in the philosophical understanding sustainability is represented as immutability, being in a state of constancy.

Most scientific works do not clearly indicate the interdependence of the concepts of “sustainable development” and “sustainability”. Scientists have not come to a consensus on the concept of sustainability of a socio-economic system; modern science has not developed a generally accepted definition of this category, and the specifics of sustainability of regional-level systems have not been identified. Without creating a solid methodological and methodological foundation, without scientific substantiation of actions at all hierarchical levels of management, it is not possible to solve the problem of the stability of the socio-economic system.

To solve these questions, it is necessary to analyze the theoretical foundations of sustainability. Identification and elimination of discrepancies in the conceptual apparatus will create a scientific basis for research work, which will ensure the further development of the theoretical foundations of sustainable development of socio-economic systems.

A socio-economic system should be understood as “an integral set of interconnected and interacting social and economic institutions and relations regarding the distribution and consumption of resources, production, distribution, exchange and consumption of goods and services.” Socio-economic systems can include: groups of people, individual enterprises, economic sectors, administrative units within states, unions of states, states, and the world community.

In the context of this work, the region will be considered as a socio-economic system and one of its characteristics is sustainability.

A region is a multi-level structure with internal dynamics and is an essential element of the national economy. In accordance with Decree of the President of the Russian Federation No. 803 of July 3, 1996 “Basic provisions of regional policy in the Russian Federation,” a region should be understood as “a part of the territory of the Russian Federation that has common natural, socio-economic, national-cultural and other conditions.”

So, the object of study is the socio-economic system. If we take into account that the subject of research is a system, the research methodology should be based on the application of a systems approach. From the perspective of a systems approach, a system (translated from Greek as “a whole made up of parts; a connection”) is elements interconnected with each other, representing a holistic formation opposed to the environment.

A system cannot be formed without possessing such a property as stability. Only thanks to sustainability can systems exist and maintain their structural integrity under constant influence from the external environment. In addition, stability allows us to ensure the integrity of the system during its operation, from which we can conclude that integrity and stability are interdependent and equivalent properties. It follows that system stability is a property that a socio-economic system (region) possesses, along with such typical system properties as hierarchy, emergence, structural integrity, etc.

Currently, scientists have developed many definitions of the concept of “sustainability of a socio-economic system,” which indicates the complexity of the object of research, and most importantly, the lack of consensus. Subsystems of the economy of different levels are taken as the object of research: the economy of business entities, regional economy, national economy.

A critical analysis of the developed definitions of the concept of “sustainability of a socio-economic system” revealed the absence of a definition generally accepted by modern science. An analysis of the definitions showed that there are four different approaches (Table 1).

Table 1

Approaches to the interpretation of the definition of sustainability of socio-economic systems

Based on the presented approaches, by the stability of a socio-economic system (region) we understand the ability of the system to maintain balance, function stably in the long term and develop in a changing external and internal environment.

The most important property of the system is dynamic stability, which ensures its ability to self-regulate when exposed to external and internal negative factors. By dynamic stability we mean an adequate response of elements in the system in particular and the system as a whole to any changes in internal and external factors, which implies the ability of the system and its elements to self-heal.

Taking into account the complexity of the socio-economic system, the presence of a large number of elements in its composition, which are lower-order systems, the following classification of the stability of socio-economic systems has been developed (Fig. 1).

Rice. 1. Types of sustainability of socio-economic systems

A socio-economic system is capable of evolving, moving into a different form, in which consumed resources are replaced with others, reproduced or restored; if further development is not possible without non-renewable resources, their consumption is reduced or minimized. In the process of development, a system undergoes changes in the relationships between its elements, some connections weaken and others strengthen. It follows that development can be both sustainable and unsustainable. The sustainable development of a socio-economic system is characterized by such characteristics as dynamism and the relative immutability of its properties. Therefore, during the sustainable development of the system, the properties remain constant, but at the same time qualitative changes occur in the system.

Unsustainable development is characterized by qualitative changes in the system, accompanied by a deterioration in its properties, which can contribute to the elimination of the entire system.

From the point of view of a systems approach, sustainable development is a certain type of progressively directed changes that have a predetermined nature. Development becomes unstable when it is destroyed or transitions to a new qualitative state, that is, when a state of crisis occurs in the system.

From the above, conclusions follow: firstly, sustainable development is a consequence of the sustainability of the system itself; secondly, the loss of stability leads to the destruction of the system, that is, stability is the only condition for its survival.

In the context of the globalization process, which determines social development, the problem of creating and maintaining sustainable development is one of the most pressing at present. The concept of sustainable development has recently become widespread on a national scale. The government is developing programs for the sustainable development of the country, individual regions and individual industries.

There are principles of sustainable development on which the creation of a sustainable socio-economic system is based. We propose to use the following basic principles: meeting the basic needs of society, combating poverty; improving the quality of life, balancing production and consumption patterns, ensuring and maintaining human health, rational use of natural resources, ensuring environmental safety, preserving ecosystems, intersectoral cooperation, forming and developing civil society, global partnership, developing environmental consciousness and ethics, eliminating violence against nature and man (elimination of terrorism, ecocide, wars).

However, there is no generally accepted interpretation of sustainable development (Table 2).

table 2

Interpretations of the concept of “sustainable development”

The most justified, in our opinion, is the point of view that defines sustainable development as a continuous process of meeting the needs of society. It should be noted that by continuity of the process we mean a constant or increasing rate of growth in opportunities to meet needs in the long term, which is possible if a balance of interests is achieved and harmonious interaction between all subsystems of the socio-economic system.

Sustainable development should be considered in two perspectives: preservation, development of needs and opportunities, and the restrictions imposed on the ability to meet needs, determined by the state of technology and the organization of society (Fig. 2).

Sustainable development characterizes the limits of permissible changes in the basic properties of the system, the boundaries of dimensional certainty, beyond which the integrity of the system is destroyed. Sustainable development is a balanced, harmonious interaction of opposites: change and stability, renewal and conservation, diversity and unity.

The defining purpose of the sustainable development of the system is to satisfy the aspirations and needs of society. For sustainable development, economic growth is a necessary but not sufficient condition, since high system productivity does not guarantee, for example, a high quality of life for the population and the preservation of environmental safety. In our opinion, the sustainable development of a system is inherently a steady process of change, in which the activities of such subsystems as the use of resources, the direction of technological and production development, and the basic principles of forming the sustainability of the system are fulfilled. Only if this circumstance is observed does the value of current and future potential increase.

Rice. 2. Changes occurring in the conditions of sustainable development with the socio-economic system

This interpretation of the definition of sustainable development implies the solution of strategic problems identified by the International Commission on Environment and Development (ICED): accelerating growth processes, changing the quality of growth, meeting the basic needs of people, ensuring a sustainable level of population growth, preserving and strengthening the resource base, reorienting technologies and risk control, integrating environmental and economic aspects into decision-making.

As a result of the study of approaches to determining the sustainability of socio-economic systems, the following fundamental conclusions were formulated.

Sustainability is the most important and only criterion for the continuous development of the system, ensuring its integrity and further development. The impact of internal and external factors acting on the equilibrium state of the system is neutralized by the agility and flexibility that stability provides to the system.

System development is a process characterized by the presence of a complex relationship between the phenomena of variability and stability. Since the development of the system occurs spasmodically, discretely after overcoming crisis situations characterized by a state of instability, the dynamic stability of the socio-economic system is relative: the system either responds to ongoing changes by restructuring its structure, using its existing adaptive capabilities, while its integrity remains original, or the existing capabilities are not enough to adapt to new conditions, then the system, having emerged from the crisis situation, moves on to a completely different path of development. In the case of maintaining the original integrity of the system after a critical situation has passed, there is an evolutionary path of development of the system, which is the most optimal; in the case of a change in the integrity and structure of the system, a revolutionary path takes place. The stability of the system is the only criterion for the sustainable development of the system in the long term.

The theory of sustainable development is focused on finding opportunities to reorient the system towards a sustainable development trajectory that promotes a constant and increasing rate of growth in opportunities to meet the needs of society.

According to the overwhelming majority of scientists, it is the regions that should become the main direction for implementing the theory of sustainable development in practice, since they are the most stable territorial entities, are the most manageable structure, have experience in stimulating market transformations in their area, combined with the policy of state regulation of these processes, are commensurate in size with some countries, being the most optimal structure for positioning at the global level. The transformations that took place in the recent past led to the formation of industrial regional specialization of regions as economic complexes of regions. In this regard, the urgency of ensuring the sustainability of socio-economic systems and, as a consequence, the need for regional research has arisen.

Stepanov I.G., Doctor of Economics, Professor, Novokuznetsk Institute (branch), Kemerovo State University, Novokuznetsk;

Novikov N.I., Doctor of Economics, Professor, Head. Department of Economics, Novokuznetsk Institute (branch), Kemerovo State University, Novokuznetsk.

The work was received by the editor on December 16, 2014.

Bibliographic link

Regional socio-economic system: sustainability and competitiveness

Regional social and economic system: sustainability and competitiveness

ZhuravlevDenisMaksimovich

Zhuravlev Denis Maksimovich

Candidate of Economic Sciences

Federal State Budgetary Educational Institution of Higher Education "Moscow State University named after M.V. Lomonosov"

[email protected]

annotation

The article analyzes and provides clarifying definitions of the basic concepts of the regional economy, taking into account the formation of a new paradigm of economic development - the digital economy. The study is driven bythe need to develop and implement a model that can take into account many factors reflecting regional specifics during the transition to a digital economy.

Abstract

The article analyzes and provides more precise definitions of the basic concepts of the regional economy, taking into account the formation of a new paradigm of economic development - the digital economy. The study is due to the need to develop and implement a model that can take into account a variety of factors that reflect regional specifics in the transition to a digital economy.

Keywords:digital economy, region, socio-economic system, sustainability, growth, development, competitiveness.

Keywords:digital economy, region, socio-economic system, sustainability, growth, development, competitiveness.

The Russian Federation is currently at the initial stage of development of the digital economy, which is characterized by the following features:

- modernization of systemically important and infrastructural sectors of the national economy, transition from predominantly raw materials production to the production of technologically advanced and competitive products (services);

- the creation of innovative sectors of the economy with the subsequent introduction of their products (services) to quality and reliability standards above the world average;

- implementation of opportunities for interaction between subjects of new and transforming markets, management technologies in conditions of high rates of development of digital and information and telecommunication technologies;

- the need for the effective development of human capital as a key resource of the knowledge economy and corresponding technologies for managing the processes of state, regional, municipal and corporate decision-making.

In the current conditions, characterized by globalization processes and the complication of economic relationships of a global nature, the territorial factor, as a feature of the region, is losing its significance. Here, according to the author, what comes to the fore is the opportunity and ability of business entities, using a developed information and telecommunications infrastructure, digital services and modern application solutions, to minimize production costs, regardless of their location.

A similar approach is followed by representatives of the synergetic trend, which developed at the beginning of the 21st century, simultaneously with the “explosive” spread of information technology. Researchers who are supporters of this direction believe that economic space is formed by information flows generated by business entities and endowing it with special properties.

The foundations of this theory were laid in the works of J. Casti, G. Haken and P. Krugman, in which issues of structural information exchange and self-organization of complex systems, including socio-economic ones, were considered. Research by R. Shuler, G. Shibusawa, S.I. Parinova, in terms of assessing the degree of influence of modern information and telecommunication technologies and network forms of production organization on economic processes, they determine the economic space through the analysis of completed operations in the form of data exchange and their integration into a single information flow.

Thus, summarizing the provisions expressed by academic economists of various directions, the author’s concept of “economic space”, taking into account modern realities, can be formulated as follows - this is a territory without definite boundaries, characterized by the presence of transport, engineering and communal infrastructure on which objects and market subjects in various spheres of socio-economic activity, using end-to-end digital technologies.

According to this definition, we formulate the basic indicators of the quality of the economic space:

1. Sustainability indicators - the ratio of the working-age population to the total population, the profitability of the gross product, the growth rate of the gross product, the share of investment in fixed capital in the gross product.

2. Distribution indicators – uniformity, differentiation and concentration of the distribution of the working population and economic entities.

3. Indicators of communication – the number of Internet users with broadband access, the presence of digital platforms for research and business, the intensity of economic connections between objects and subjects of economic activity.

4. Infrastructure indicators – conditions of access to energy sources and utility infrastructure networks, conditions for the mobility of services, goods, investments and human capital, determined by the presence of transport networks.

5. Digitalization indicators – the share of innovatively active enterprises carrying out commercial use of 5G networks, the level of access to information technology, the share of the Internet economy in the gross product, the presence of a competence center that ensures monitoring and improvement of legal regulation of the digital economy.

The understanding of the region as an economic system developed in domestic science in the second half of the last century, with emphasis placed on the primacy of the concept in relation to the entire class of territorial systems, such as an economic cluster, economic zone, economic region, etc. It was also noted that regional economic systems have all the features of open systems, being integral components of a single economic space. Based on this, it follows that when studying issues of regional development and management, in addition to analyzing the general patterns inherent in the entire economic space, one should also highlight specific regional features. That is, “the combination of the regional aspect of general problems with specific regional problems logically leads to the general concept of regional systems.”

It would be logical to assume that the concept of “region” is broader than “regional system,” which can be defined as follows.

A regional economic system is a territory within the administrative boundaries of a subject of the Federation, which can be positioned among others and the current state can be assessed using a common set of indicators for all, which exchanges spatial data with other economic systems, has governing bodies and development programs at the local and federal levels.

As follows from the definition, the determining factor influencing the progressive development of the regional economic system is internal connections between elements and external connections with other systems.

Thus, the regional economic system is a complex, dynamically developing object that must have the ability to implement certain tasks in achieving a given goal when internal and external conditions change, that is, have economic stability.

Some authors propose to distinguish the following components of economic sustainability: institutional, commercial, production and technical, innovative, informational, financial and social sustainability.

Institutional sustainability presupposes the well-established and efficient connections between government and management bodies, the effectiveness of their joint work with business structures, the possibility and ability to attract investments, and the presence of a favorable regulatory framework for this.

Commercial sustainability is determined by the level of business activity, reliability of economic ties, competitive and export potential, and market share.

Industrial and technical sustainability refers to the stability of the reproduction cycle and the well-functioning processes of resource provision.

Innovative sustainability characterizes the support by legislative and executive authorities for motivating business entities to introduce new technologies and methods of organizing production, to expand the product line, perform new types of work, and provide new types of services.

Information sustainability is determined by the quality of collection, analysis and preparation of data for making operational, tactical and strategic informed decisions, the availability of communication means and systems capable of functioning in a given mode, and the level of information security.

Financial stability characterizes such a state of financial resources in which the regional economic system is able to service debt obligations in the long term, providing conditions for the expanded reproduction of business entities at the expense of their own and borrowed funds.

Social sustainability presupposes the broad involvement of citizens in social processes, living, including the use of modern types of communication and communications, to promote an increase in the level of comfort and safety.

Thus, summarizing the above, the general concept of “economic sustainability” can be formulated as follows - this is the ability of a regional economic system to develop progressively in any environmental conditions.

Development can be defined as a process of updating investment, production, information and business processes, providing a qualitatively new level of functioning of the regional economic system.

Regional development is the mode of operation of the regional system, which includes all regional structural and economic components, which is focused on the positive dynamics of the parameters of the level and quality of life of the population, ensured by the sustainable, balanced socially oriented reproduction of the territory’s own social, economic, resource and environmental potential.

In practice, this means that socio-economic systems, subject to certain patterns, exhibit stability in the main trends of their development, but at the same time, being exposed to various random factors, they are at risk of losing an equilibrium, stable state.

According to N.V. Chepurnykh and A.L. Novoselova, the problem of sustainable development takes into account two key aspects: the needs of society to meet needs, on the one hand, and the limitation of the environment’s ability to satisfy existing needs, on the other. An increase in the degree of conflict tension to a critical value leads to a loss of stability and a transition of the system from the range of permissible loads to a state of crisis.

Rice. 1 The influence of external and internal factors on the sustainable economic development of the region

Currently, due to the fact that the national economy faces a number of priority tasks (structural, organizational, technological, innovative, social, etc.), solving problems related specifically to increasing the sustainability of regions as components of the overall economy comes to the fore. .

The sustainable socio-economic development of a region is influenced by various factors that can change the existing relationships in the system and thereby affect the effectiveness of economic results and the development of the region.

In the process of developing social relations, the emergence of new technologies, improving the management system, and growing socio-economic needs, there is a constant increase in the number of factors that have a direct and indirect impact on the results of economic activity, and ultimately on the sustainable economic development of the region (Fig. 1).

Internal factors include:

- technical support - the quality of use of fixed production assets, the share of new machinery and equipment in them, the availability of qualified personnel for work;

- technological support - a continuous process of improving the technologies used, increasing the scientific and technical level of production, introducing new technologies that ensure an increase in labor productivity;

- information support is a combination of a unified system for classifying and encoding information, unified documentation systems, information flow diagrams, a methodology for constructing databases, including machine-to-machine interaction;

- labor resources - the share of the able-bodied, economically active population of the region with the necessary educational level, physical development and health conditions that allow them to carry out production operations;

- education – the presence in the region of a number of pre-school, school, secondary, secondary specialized and higher education institutions that make it possible to provide the necessary amount of labor resources for expanded economic reproduction;

- production organization is a set of organizational and technical measures, the implementation of which ensures the most effective and rational combination of the use of labor resources with material elements and compliance with optimal relationships between production factors;

- marketing - study and analysis of domestic and foreign sales markets, tracking the emergence of innovations and related changes, forecasting and assessing possible negative impacts on the organization of production, on the stability of relationships between economic entities in the region, and on their ability to respond to changing conditions of economic activity;

- innovation - the introduction of technologies, equipment, means and methods of organizing production to change the control object, the result of which is the production of products and services with higher quality and consumer characteristics, effective decisions of managerial, social, commercial, economic and other properties.

It should be noted that the use of each individually noted internal factor does not provide the basis for proper sustainable socio-economic development of the region; their integration is necessary.

In addition to internal factors, the sustainable socio-economic development of the region is largely influenced by the external environment.

External factors have a certain degree of uncertainty, they are subject to constant changes, many of them, such as inflation, exchange rates, global trends, are difficult to predict due to the large unstructured flow of information, from which it is necessary to isolate, using certain algorithms, reference points that serve as signals or indicators to develop a sustainable development strategy.

External factors can be divided into those that directly and indirectly impact sustainable economic development.

Direct impact factors include: resource, legal and information support, competitive relations and inflation. Factors of indirect impact are: the general political situation, the state of the national economy, global market trends, scientific and technological progress and social and public sentiment.

In terms of the degree of impact on the sustainable economic development of the region, the most significant factors of direct and indirect influence include:

- inflation, its impact on sustainable development is enormous, it leads to a depreciation of the gross product, an understatement of the real value of assets, an artificial decrease in the profits of enterprises, a reduction in investment opportunities; to minimize such negative impacts, it is necessary to organize financial forecasting based on inflation adjustment;

- information support, without the availability of up-to-date, timely and reliable information, without the presence of forecast models with a high degree of accuracy in reflecting future events, the quality of management, the effectiveness of the implementation of a set of organizational and technical measures, alternative solutions depend, the dynamism of information processing requires special methods and mathematical algorithms;

- scientific and technological progress is decisive in the development trajectory of the region and its socio-economic sustainability, and includes, first of all, those innovations that directly affect technical, economic and technological processes;

- the global market, each economic system is characterized by its own factors, and in the era of globalization this complicates interaction outside the national economy, forces the redesign of existing business processes to suit specific norms and standards of the external environment, and changes the theory and practice of management;

- competition, which forms the basis of the market organization of economics, stipulating the need for transformations towards the transition to new methods and technologies of production, encouraging an increase in economic sustainability (interregional flow of capital, meeting the growing needs of society, increasing labor productivity, creating new high-tech jobs, reducing costs and expanding production).

The variability of a set of external and internal factors, the optimal combination of which leads to the achievement of a stable balance and progressive development of the socio-economic system of the region, entails the need to create some kind of information and economic mechanism (model), with the help of which it would be possible to carry out the necessary control actions and correct them in the presence of feedback, monitor the system’s response to them, create up-to-date and reliable information databases, introduce into practice tools for processing spatial data to develop operational, tactical and strategic plans for long-term development.

The creation of such a model should be based on the following principles:

1. The principle of controllability, reflecting the need for dependence of performance indicators and target functions on the factors of management parameters of the regional economic system (controlling influences carried out by the state and economic entities).

2. The principle of attainability, which means that the given values ​​of the objective function must be finite and understandable for practical implementation.

3. The principle of feedback is the availability of up-to-date and reliable information about the results of control actions.

4. The principle of adaptability characterizes the presence of tools that accumulate and analyze information about past management situations, developing new forms and methods of management.

5. The principle of openness means that the system must have multiple connections with the external environment, guaranteeing the receipt of reliable and up-to-date information by an unlimited number of people, regardless of the purpose of obtaining it.

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Cross-cutting digital technologies are: big data; neurotechnology and artificial intelligence; distributed registry systems; quantum technologies; new production technologies; industrial internet; robotics and sensor components; wireless communication technologies; virtual and augmented reality technologies.

A digital platform is a business model provided by algorithmic technologies that creates additional value by streamlining the relationships between objects and subjects of economic activity produced in a common information space (author’s definition).

or

The digital platform is both virtual and real places, similar to city bazaars. These global markets on the global online network provide an opportunity for people and companies from both neighboring areas and opposite ends of the Earth to communicate, exchange goods, services and information. Anyone can offer and order services and products on these types of platforms cheaply and effortlessly.

5G (from English. fifth generation)- the fifth generation of mobile communications, providing high throughput and availability of broadband mobile communications, compared to 4G technologies, as well as the use of device-to-device modes (literally “device with device”), ultra-reliable large-scale communication systems between devices, Internet speed 1-2 Gbit/s.

Machine-to-machine communication ( machine-machine interaction, English Machine-to-Machine, M2M) - technologies that allow machines to exchange information with each other, or transfer it unilaterally.